|
|
|
Flat CIS (Transitional Carcinoma in situ)
|
- Although CIS can occur on its own, it is more often seen in conjunction with other bladder tumors (synchronous or asynchronous)
- Histologic features:
- the diagnosis of CIS is based upon severe cytologic atypia, not necessarily on the presence of full-thickness involvement (although the two often go hand in hand)
- cells have large pleomorphic appearance with numerous mitoses
- nuclei have folded or wrinkled membranes with prominent nucleoli
- orientation of the cells is disordered, giving a disheveled or haphazard appearance to the mucosa
- the neoplastic cells are much more discohesive, resulting in the so-called “denuding cystitis” -- which is why cytology is so good for detecting these lesions
|
|
)
)