A PVR is a relatively straightforward test that measures the amount of urine left in the bladder after micturition. This may be performed at the initial evaluation of LUTS/BPH but should be performed if urinary retention is suspected. PVR is usually measured via a non-invasive ultrasound bladder scanner and is often performed at the initial evaluation after urine for a urinalysis has been obtained and the patient has subsequently completely voided. A PVR may also be obtained via catheterization following micturition, however, it is more invasive and carries additional risks. In patients without neurogenic disorders, a PVR >300 mL measured on 2 different occasions at least 6 months apart is considered non-neurogenic chronic urinary retention and should be followed closely.66 Specifically, these patients should undergo a renal ultrasound and if hydronephrosis is present, further workup or intervention is recommended. Furthermore, if these patients have urinary incontinence or UTIs, intervention should also be strongly considered. In patients with persistently elevated PVR but no hydronephrosis, UTI, or urinary incontinence, routine yearly follow-up with at least a PVR is recommended. PVR >150-200 mL has been used as an exclusion criterion during trials for certain pharmacologic agents and if the use of these agents is planned, a PVR should be measured. It is important to validate an elevated PVR by having patients void again and re-measuring a PVR or repeating a PVR at a later interval. Anticholinergic medications and beta-3 agonists should be used with caution in patients with elevated PVR because of the risk of exacerbating incomplete bladder emptying and possibly causing AUR.67 While there is no consensus on “dangerous” levels of PVR, an increasing PVR is associated with higher rates of AUR and further testing such as UDS can help determine the cause of this elevation. Serum creatinine may also be useful in these patients. Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive tool to assess LUTS/BPH that measures speed, volume, and duration of urine flow. It consists of patients urinating on their own into a funnel attached to a uroflowmeter and the automatic generation of a graph which documents a representation of the void along with the measured flow rate and voided volume. Measured urinary flow rate is reported as maximum (or peak) urinary flow rate (Qmax) and average urinary flow rate (Qavg). Uroflowmetry can provide a valuable addition over symptoms and PVR in the management of LUTS.68 While it cannot definitively diagnose BOO, as low flow rate can also be due to detrusor underactivity (DU), it provides an objective assessment of patient’s voiding. Uroflowmetry can now be performed using home-based remote methods decreasing the variability of a single measurement and should be reported as Qmax and voided volume.