Kidney stone disease is a potentially painful, often recurrent, condition that affects as many as one in nine United States adults at some point in their lives. While some individuals experience only a single stone episode in their lifetime, kidney stones often recur, with reported recurrence rates after a first-time stone diagnosis of 20-67% at 5-10 years in adults and 50% at 3 years in children. Kidney stone disease is no longer considered an isolated disorder but instead is more likely part of a systemic disease that has been associated with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and bone loss. While it is possible that these associations are due to shared risk factors rather than a causal relationship, recommendations for treatment should include an overall healthful approach that also addresses associated comorbidities with referral to appropriate consultants.

The purpose of this Guideline is to provide a clinical framework for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and follow-up of adult and pediatric patients with kidney stones based on the best available published literature.

This Guideline reflects the latest clinical evidence to support effective treatment and prevention strategies, including dietary and pharmacologic treatment options to reduce stone recurrence and improve patient outcomes.

Key topics addressed in the Guideline include:

• Evaluation and diagnosis of kidney stone disease in adults and children
• Use of dietary modifications and medications to help prevent and manage kidney stones
• Monitoring of patients on treatment for recurrence and adverse events

As we advance in this field, it is essential to prioritize patient-centered approaches that address both the physiological and psychological aspects of kidney stone management.